Jordan Journal of Physics

Unsteady Free Convection Flow of Fractionalized Maxwell Fluid over an Inclined Vertical Plate with Heat and Mass Transfer

Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: This study examines the unsteady motion of a fractional Maxwell fluid over an inclined vertical surface, considering the effects of thermo-diffusion and slip conditions. The model is further developed using Fick’s and Fourier’s laws, introducing a novel fractional formulation for mass diffusion and thermal diffusivity. The flow model is formulated with the CPC fractional derivative, and the governing equations are transformed into a non-dimensional form, and the resulting governing equations are solved using the Laplace transform method. The effects of key flow parameters—including the Grashof number, chemical reaction rate, Prandtl number, fractional parameters, and Schmidt number—are analyzed graphically. The results indicate that the fractional model provides a more accurate and flexible description of flow behavior than the classical model. Specifically, the magnetic field suppresses fluid motion, while thermo-diffusion enhances it.

Keywords: Free convection, Maxwell fluid, Slip condition, Soret effect, CPC fractional derivative.

Ricci Tensor in General Ellipsoidal Geometry

Ihsan Erikat, Mohamad Arar — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: The Ricci tensor has many applications in general relativity, topology, and theoretical physics [1]. Most planetary bodies have elliptical rather than spherical shapes. The Ricci tensor describes the change in the volume of the geodesic flows due to curvature and is related to gravitational tidal effects in general relativity. In this work, the Riemann and Ricci tensors are calculated in elliptical coordinates.

Keywords: Riemann, Ricci, Tensor, Ricci scalar, Elliptical coordinate.

A Low-Power 45 nm CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier with Active Inductor Feedback for Fiber-Optic Applications

Mohanad Muayad, Muhammed Subhi Hameed Alsheikhjader — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: In this paper, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is introduced to obtain low power consumption with moderately high gain. The proposed TIA consists of two parts: in the first stage, a regulated cascade transimpedance amplifier (RGC TIA) input stage with active inductor local feedback is utilized for current gain enhancement, while a second stage is designed for TIA gain. The proposed TIA circuit is implemented in a 45 nm CMOS process technology. Simulation results show that the proposed TIA achieves a power consumption of 0.975 mW, while the TIA gain is increased up to 62.2 dBΩ at 1 GHz of bandwidth. The conventional trade-off between gain and power consumption is relaxed, which represents the key finding of this work, while maintaining an input-referred noise current spectral density of 28pA/√Hz. The reported low power consumption was achieved at a 1V budget DC supply.

Keywords: Optical preamplifier, Fiber optics, RGC transimpedance, TIA gain.

PACs: 85.40.-e, 07.50. Ek, 84.30.-r

Investigation of Magnetic and Thermoelectric Properties of New d0 Full-Heusler Alloys

Aissa yousfi , Ayoub Belli, Hicham Boulebda, Rachida Temzini — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: The structural, optoelectronic, magnetic, and thermoelectric properties of CsYO₂ (Y = Li, Na and K) full-Heusler alloys have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). All three alloys were found to be stable in the ferromagnetic state with the AlCu₂Mn-type structure. The band structure plots showed a gap in the spin-up channel, whereas the spin-down channel exhibited an overlap between the Fermi level and the valence band, indicating half-metallic behavior. The PDOS revealed that oxygen is the primary contributor to the total magnetic moment, which was found to have an integer value. The compounds obey the Slater-Pauling rule, expressed as M_t = Z – 12, where Z represents the number of valence electrons (Z = 14), resulting in a total magnetic moment of 2.0 µB for CsLiO_2, CsNaO_2, and CsKO₂compounds. The optical and thermoelectric properties were also investigated and analyzed.

Keywords: Heusler alloys, DFT calculations, Electronic properties, Magnetic properties.

Treatment of Perturbation in Energy Levels using Hypothetical Perturbers: A Case Study of Mg X

Salman Raza , Naveed Ali, Muhammad Raza, Adeel, Zaheer Uddin — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: Rydberg atoms exhibit hydrogen-like behavior in which the motion of a single electron is governed by the effective potential of the ionic core, consisting of the nucleus and the remaining electrons. The energies of hydrogenic atoms are commonly calculated using the Rydberg-Ritz formula, which can also be adapted for lithium-like systems by introducing a non-integer principal quantum number. The deviation from the integer quantum number is referred to as the quantum defect. This approach successfully describes the energy levels of most Rydberg atoms and ions. However, when perturbations occur between nearby energy levels, the standard Rydberg-Ritz formula becomes inadequate and must be replaced by the Extended Martin formula.

Accurate determination of perturbed energy levels generally requires detailed knowledge of the interacting perturber states, which are often difficult to identify experimentally. This study presents an alternate and effective method for treating perturbed Rydberg levels using hypothetical perturbers. The proposed approach was applied to four perturbed series of Mg X, and the energies of all four series were successfully determined using a new technique based on hypothetical levels to account for perturbations arising from foreign configuration interaction.

The calculated Rydberg energies were further validated through the computation of transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, and line strengths. In total, 68 Rydberg energy levels and 935 spectroscopic parameters were calculated. Among these, 29 Rydberg levels and 751 transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, and line strengths are not currently available in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database.

Keywords: Rydberg levels, Transition probabilities, Oscillator strength, Perturbation theory, Mg X.

Plasma Characterization in Planar Magnetron Sputtering Systems Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Langmuir Probe Diagnostics

Murad M. Kadhim, Qusay A. Abbas — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: This study experimentally investigates the fundamental characteristics of glow discharge plasma, including electron temperature, electron density, and plasma potential, which are crucial for optimizing sputtering operations. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was utilized to examine spectral lines produced by the plasma, offering a direct assessment of the electron energy distribution. The integration of various diagnostic techniques provides a precise and reliable evaluation of plasma characteristics, enhancing sputtering performance and improving control and efficiency in thin-film deposition. Our findings underscore the synergy between OES and Langmuir probe diagnostics in plasma analysis, while the planar magnetron demonstrates effectiveness in monitoring and optimizing sputtering operations. Furthermore, our findings indicate a significant relationship between gas pressure and the characteristics of glow discharge plasma. Lower pressures facilitate electron transport and increase the plasma potential gradient, whereas higher pressures promote a stable and spatially uniform plasma distribution.

Keywords: Glow discharge, Optical emission spectroscopy, Langmuir probe, I-V curve, Plasma parameters, Beta value.

The Impact of pH Value on the Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Characteristics of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles Produced Hydrothermally for Use in Photodetectors

Nabil Walid, Saeed N. T. AlRashid, Isam M. Ibrahim — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: This study investigates the synthesis of nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe₂O₄) using the hydrothermal method at different pH values (5, 9, and 11). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of NiFe₂O₄ with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. FESEM images revealed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with sizes below 100 nm, while EDX analysis verified the presence of nickel and iron elements.

Magnetic characterization using VSM demonstrated the magnetic behavior of the synthesized nanoparticles through parameters such as saturation magnetism (Ms) and coercivity (H_c). The saturation magnetization increased with increasing pH, with values of 5, 9, and 11, respectively. UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibited a blue shift in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak with increasing pH. Optical analysis indicated that the optical band gap energy increased from 3.35 to 4.01 eV as the pH increased from 5 to 11, following a direct electronic transition.

Based on the structural, optical, and magnetic analyses, pH11 was identified as the optimal condition for synthesizing nickel ferrite nanoparticles and was subsequently employed in photodetector applications. The fabricated photodetector exhibited a high photosensitivity of 231.89% and demonstrated a rapid and significant photoresponse under illumination at 350 nm.

Keywords: Magnetic properties, Nickel ferrite, Hysteresis, Hydrothermal, Photodetector.

Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility and Heavy Metals Concentration in Roadside Topsoil along Amman-Airport Highway, Jordan

Idrees Al-Momani, Mahdi Lataifeh, Mohammad Al-Gharram — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contamination in topsoil along the Amman-Airport highway in Jordan. A total of 44 soil samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Cd) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The results revealed a significant variability in heavy metal concentrations, with Fe exhibiting the highest average concentration and Cd exhibiting the lowest. The average heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) were: Fe (12077.9), Mn (464.86), Zn (122.5), Pb (116.98), Ni (67.98), Cu (54.34), Co (39.90), Cr (39.09), and Cd (7.87). Magnetic susceptibility measurement was performed at low and high frequencies to assess correlations between heavy metal accumulation and magnetic properties. The results showed a significant positive correlation between magnetic susceptibility (χlf-F) and heavy metals, notably with Cu (r = 0.76), Pb (r = 0.60), and Zn (r = 0.50), as well as moderate correlations with Co (r = 0.37) and Ni (r = 0.47). Factor analysis identified three major pollution sources: vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and agricultural inputs (particularly fertilizers). The findings demonstrate the potential of magnetic susceptibility as a cost-effective and rapid proxy for assessing heavy metal contamination in urban roadside environments, supporting large-scale environmental monitoring and pollution mitigation strategies.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Magnetic susceptibility, Anthropogenic sources, Urban soil, Factor analysis, Jordan.

The Role of Neutron Absorbers in SW Creation with Heavy Water in Nuclear Reactor Core

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: This research introduces new parameters and methods for describing soliton wave (SW) propagation and its relationship with the inherent parameters of a nuclear reactor. The study demonstrates that the neutron reaction rate in a purely absorbing medium propagates as a soliton wave. Within the SW, the spatial profiles of the nuclear fission (NF) rate and the atomic density of the neutron absorber (NA) material remain unchanged during burnup wave propagation. The propagation rate of the burnup SW depends on the initial ratio of the nuclear fission rate to the NA density in the medium.

These nonlinear waves are described using neutron flux and atomic density equations that depend on parameters of both time and space in the medium. Burnup SWs in a diffusive medium are investigated in terms of spatial coordinates and the position of the NA within the diffusion region. The transient characteristics are expressed in terms of (i) time of transient (TOT), required to establish a self-sustaining nuclear burning wave, and (ii) the length of transient (LOT), over which this transition develops. The speed associated with the establishment of the transient region is also determined.

In the asymptotic state, the propagation speed of the wave is evaluated, and the width of the power-producing region is quantified using the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). Numerical calculations indicate that the speed of the burnup SW remains constant with the increase of the diffusion coefficient; however, it increases both the diffusion length and the LOT. Furthermore, the ratio of the LOT to the diffusion length does not change. Similarly, increasing the diffusion coefficient increases the TOT, while the ratio of the TOT to the characteristic time remains unchanged.

Keywords: Burn, Soliton, Diffusive, Absorber, Flux.

The Electronic and Elastic Properties of Samarium Monochalcogenides SmX (X = S, Se and Te) at Different Pressure

Shiva Prasad Baral, Shesh Kant Adhikari, Raj — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: In this work, the electronic and elastic properties of samarium monochalcogenides (SmX, where X = S, Se, and Te) are investigated using the plasma oscillation theory of solids. We present a simple relation for the plasmon energy of solids, obtained from the bond length at a given pressure in relation to the homopolar energy gap, heteropolar energy gap, average energy gap, crystal ionicity, electronic polarizability and bulk modulus of Samarium monochalcogenides. The calculated values of the homopolar energy gap, heteropolar energy gap, average energy gap, crystal ionicity, electronic polarizability, and bulk modulus at ambient pressure are found to be 2.458 eV, 5.478 eV, 6.005 eV, 0.8060, 8.93 and 58.506 GPa respectively for SmS, 2.218 eV, 5.117 eV, 5.577 eV, 0.8150, 9.731 and 52.855 GPa respectively for SmSe, 1.864 eV, 4.576 eV, 4.941 eV, 0.8300, 12.155 and 44.765 GPa respectively for SmTe. The calculated results show good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data.

Keywords: Samarium monochalcogenides, Electronic properties, Bulk modulus, Bond length, Plasmon energy.

Dynamics and Conformational Shifts of d(GGGGTTTTGGGG)₄ DNA Quadruplex: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

JWALA Ji Prajapati, Ramesh Kumar Yadav, UMESH YADAVA — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: This study investigated the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and conformational analysis of a DNA quadruplex, whose crystal structure has been previously reported. The initial coordinates for the DNA quadruplex were sourced from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 1d59), containing the sequence d(GGGGTTTTGGGG)₄ from Oxytricha trifallax. This telomeric sequence forms a complex composed of two d(G₄T₄G₄) strands, stabilized by cyclic hydrogen bonding between four guanine bases to form G-quartets. Following the generation of the DNA quadruplex model, a molecular dynamics simulation was conducted using OPLS4 force field over a duration of 100 ns at 300 K. Trajectories of the dynamic pathway were examined at intervals of 10 ns. Structural and conformational changes over a time span of 100 ns were analyzed using the X3DNA software, focusing on RMSD and RMSF plots. The resulting data was compared with the known crystal structure of the DNA quadruplex. The molecular dynamics simulation showed that at 300 K the quadruplex retained its B-type DNA conformation (as the original structure parameters) but with slight structural variations suggesting potential therapeutic relevance. Additionally, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to the simulation trajectory yielded important insights regarding the DNA quadruplex, indicating its properties under different physiological conditions. These findings could be helpful for further studies on the interaction of DNA quadruplexes with external agents and ligands, contributing to a better understanding of their interaction capabilities.

Keywords: G-quadruplex telomere, MD simulation, Torsional and Helicoidal parameters, Non-canonical DNA, Oxytricha trifallax, X3DNA.

Stellar Parameters and Evolutionary Pathways of the Subgiant System HIP 72217

Naufa Nazar, Mashhoor Al-Wardat, Ahmad Abushattal, Hassan Haboubi — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Abstract: In this study, we applied Al-Wardat’s method for analyzing stellar systems and variable stars to investigate the subgiant system HIP 72217, through which accurate stellar parameters were obtained, including stellar masses, effective temperatures (T_eff), and system age. For the primary component, we determined a mass of M_A = 1.14 ± 0.15 M_⊙ and effective temperature of T_{eff, A} = 6125 ± 50 K, while for the secondary component, we obtained the values of M_B = 1.12 ± 0.14 M_⊙ and T_{eff, B} = 5950 ± 50 K. The system’s age was estimated to be 3.548 Gyr, which is consistent with the expected evolutionary stage of a subgiant binary system. The evolutionary timeline of HIP 72217 is clarified in this work, which also demonstrates the efficacy of Al-Wardat’s method in determining the parameters of individual components within stellar systems. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the physical mechanisms that control subgiant binary evolution and their role in stellar evolution.

Keywords: Binary stars, Al-Wardat’s method, Subgiant, Evolutionary tracks, Isochrones.