Jordan Journal of Physics

Effects of Diameter between Electrodes on Properties of Electrostatic Quadrupole Deflector

Jaafar Jaleel — 2024-04-15

This study investigates the impact of varying the electrostatic quadrupole deflector diameter (EQDD) on the image when charged particles undergo deflection. A comparison is made between aberration figures, the kinetic energy of the electron beam, and the flight time concerning different EQDD values. The results showed that the most effective image is created at the image plane when the EQDD is double the radius of the electrostatic quadrupole deflector electrode (r).

Toward an Understanding of the Anisotropy in Hcp Zinc Metal: Total Scattering Structural Study Using Synchrotron-Based, Temperature-Dependent, X-Ray Pair Distribution Function Analysis

Ahmad S. Masadeh — 2024-04-15

Among hexagonal close packing (hcp) metals, zinc has a non-ideal hcp structure due to a significantly increased axial ratio c/a. We studied the behavior of the ratio of lattice constants c/a and the ratio of thermal displacement parameters ( / ) in the temperature range of 100-300 K, using the X-ray total scattering atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis over different refinement -ranges. The temperature-dependent PDF analysis confirmed that the crystal structure of zinc has significant static distortion along the c-direction. The measured value of atomic displacement parameters of zinc showed a notable anisotropy as expressed by the ratio / of ≈ 2.2 at 100 K. The lattice parameter ratio c/a was slightly reduced at low temperatures but remained unusually large. The extrapolated value of the ratio c/a reached 1.832 at 0 K. The PDF refinements using the crystallographic model revealed that there are some local structure features in zinc that are not captured by the crystallographic model. On the other hand, our local structure refinement indicated a presence of local bond distortion along the z-direction that averaged out over wider r-range refinements with a large value.

Geant4 Simulation of Scatter Radiation Removal: Comparison and Validation of Anti-scatter Grid and Air Gap for X-ray Mammography

Abdalmajeid M. Alyassin — 2024-04-15

-ray mammography modality provides excellent low-contrast resolution images with low scatter radiation, making it the gold standard in diagnosing breast cancer. Anti-scatter grid and air gap techniques are typically used to further minimize the scatter radiation and improve image quality. Thus, Geant4 simulation was used to investigate the effectiveness of these techniques in removing scatter radiation in X-ray mammography. The effectiveness of an anti-scatter grid was evaluated using the Bucky factor, where it linearly increased with increasing the anti-scatter grid ratio. It was found that increasing the grid frequency affects the Bucky factor depending on the design of the grid ratio. This research proved that designing an anti-scatter grid with high grid frequency (80 lp/mm), low grid ratio (2:1), and proper orientation minimized common anti-scatter grid artifacts. The effectiveness of the air gap technique was also evaluated using the air gap dose factor. It increased non-linearly with increasing magnification. This research validated that using smaller pixel sizes and small focal spot sizes improved spatial resolution with magnification. Our simulation validated that the anti-scatter grid and air gap were effective techniques in removing scatter radiation. By comparing these techniques, the anti-scatter grid was more effective in removing scatter radiation at the expense of increasing the radiation absorbed dose with the exception of 2.0 magnification. It’s recommended to be extremely cautious when using 2.0 magnification or a grid ratio higher or equal to 8:1. These parameters may cause the radiation absorbed dose to be increased by several folds.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Al-Ni, Al-Cu Alloys System Using Calphad Method

Dil Faraz Khan — 2024-04-15

The CALPHAD technique, in conjunction with the PBIN database, is employed to conduct a thorough thermodynamic analysis and assessment of the binary alloy systems Al-Cu and Al-Ni. This study explores the thermodynamic properties, including phase diagrams, Gibbs free energies, and thermodynamic molar activities across the entire compositional range. The temperature maintained for assessment is 2000-2050 K. The doping characteristic of the AL-Ni binary system is more epitaxial and useful for doping industries. The correspondence of Raoult’s law is more precise in the Al-Ni binary alloy system due to its better doping characteristics. The entropy and the enthalpy of both systems increase. The greater decrease in the Gibbs curve and activity predicted the more stability of the alloying system Al-Ni. Within the Al-Ni system, a composition range of 0.4-0.6 mole percent at a temperature of 2050 K is identified as the most stable, contrasting with the Al-Cu system, which exhibits the least stability. The lattice vibrations mode and Brillion zone growth during alloying contribute to highly epitaxial characteristics, with pure and sharp attractive interactions among alloying elements. Negative deviation from ideality in activity is observed in the Al-Ni system, further supporting its increased stability. This is attributed to the lower Gibbs energy and higher enthalpy accordance. Both Al-Cu and Al-Ni binary systems show the highest level of equilibrium and stability. The enthalpy values of both alloying systems gradually increase with temperature. In the solid era of both binary alloy systems, Al-Cu and Al-Ni, the ferrite phase is identified as the stable phase. The most stable ferrite phase, capable of withstanding the highest temperatures, holds promise for applications in industrial sectors and materials metallurgy.

Beam Dynamics Studies for a Proposed H – type DTL Using in Eye Therapy

Ali M. Almomani — 2024-04-15

In this study, we explore the KONUS (Kombinierte Null Grad Struktur) beam dynamic studies using a 3D–PIC LORASR simulation code for a specialized medical drift tube linac designed for eye therapy. A total acceleration voltage of 70.89 MV is applied through 6 CH–DTL (3 coupled and 3 non-coupled) cavities within a total of 140 gaps, spanning a length of 20 m. This setup is designed to accelerate protons from an initial energy of 3 MeV to 70 MeV, tailored for application in eye therapy. Each cavity operates at a frequency of 325.244 MHz. To maintain transverse matching of the beam, 11 triplet quadrupole lenses are distributed along the linac structure, including one in the transport section. The beam dynamics analysis provides actual values for the lengths of drift tubes and gaps. To ensure linac stability, simulations are conducted to assess machine errors. The obtained lengths of drift tubes, gaps, and periods serve as the foundation for constructing the RF model for each cavity using the CST Studio Suite. The overall results are quite promising, indicating the viability of proceeding to the next phase, which includes RF simulations and mechanical modeling.

Influence of Ar:O2 Mixing Ratio on Characteristics of Tio2 Nanostructured Thin Films Deposited by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Method

Adnan Mini — 2024-04-15

In this paper, titanium dioxide nanostructured thin films TiO₂were deposited on unheated glass substrates by applying the DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Three TiO₂films were deposited using argon sputtering gas with different oxygen ratios: 10%, 25%, and 50%. The resulting films had thicknesses of 200, 184, and 140 nm, respectively. The structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of deposited thin films were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that the samples exhibited an amorphous phase. It was found from atomic force microscopy (AFM) that the deposited thin films had a nanostructure, and the heights of their nanograins were 16, 24, and 30 nm, respectively. It was observed from the root-mean-square height RMS values that the films had low roughness. The UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy showed that the films become more transparent with the increase in oxygen content. The direct band gap ranged between 3.68 and 3.88 eV, while the indirect band gap ranged from 3.3 to 3.66 eV. The highest intensity photoluminescence emission was obtained for the film deposited at 50% O₂. In addition, the impedance spectroscopy showed that the films’ resistance did not change with changing oxygen content.

Secondary Phases, Morphology and Band Tails of Third Generation Photovoltaic Absorber Layer CZTS Annealed at Different Temperatures

Adnan H. Mini — 2024-04-15

In this work, we have successfully fabricated Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin films using the sol-gel spin-coating technique. Thin films were annealed in an argon atmosphere at different temperatures of 350, 375, 400, 425, and 450 ℃ for an hour. The influence of annealing temperature on structural, morphological, and optical properties was investigated. x-ray diffraction measurement confirmed the formation of secondary phases in as-deposited and annealed thin films at 350 and 375 ℃. A pure kesterite phase was obtained at an annealing temperature of 400 ℃, but degradation occurred at higher temperatures. The morphology study of the surface structure showed that thin films have homogeneous surfaces. The Volmer-Weber mode was the dominating growth mode. The as-deposited and annealed CZTS thin films exhibited a high absorption coefficient of the order of 10⁴cm^-1, and the optical energy band gap E_g was red-shifted with increasing annealing temperature. The optical study showed a decrease in Urbach tail energy with an increase in annealing temperature and reached 0.39 eV at 400 ℃. The refractive index and dielectric constants of CZTS thin films were calculated.

The Principle of Operation of an Engine That Draws Energy from the Electrogravitational Vacuum

Sergey G. Fedosin — 2024-04-15

The principle of operation of a fuel-free electromagnetic engine is presented, in which the relativistic charged particles of the electrogravitational vacuum serve as a driving force. The crossed electric and magnetic fields in the engine’s working chamber lead to the Lorentz force, which results in asymmetric fluxes of charged vacuum particles in this chamber. The subsequent interaction of these particle fluxes with the charged matter of the chamber walls leads to the appearance of the resultant thrust force. The parameters of the charged particles of the electrogravitational vacuum can be determined using the theory of the infinite hierarchical nesting of matter and the theory of similarity. Taking this into account, the motion trajectories of the charged particles in the working chamber and the forces created by the particles are determined. When the engine is running, the laws of conservation of energy and momentum are fully satisfied; in particular, the engine increases its momentum due to the change in the total momentum of the fluxes of the vacuum’s charged particles.

Performance Evaluation of Chaotic Semiconductor Laser

Raghad Ismail Ibrahim — 2024-04-15

Chaotic semiconductor lasers are produced for applications in long-distance communication and for concealing modulated messages. In the present work, the dynamics of chaotic behavior in semiconductor lasers utilizing optoelectronic feedback have been investigated using the Optisystem software. Different parameters are controlled to get the optimum chaotic laser. An external perturbation is applied to the semiconductor laser output that has two control parameters, which are frequency and amplitude. Modulation is achieved by the variation in perturbation bias injunction currents while the modulation peak current is fixed. The study employs a delayed optoelectronic feedback diode laser to assess the ability to achieve chaotic output from directly frequency-modulated semiconductor lasers. This is done under various GHz modulation conditions while maintaining a fixed bias current.

Hartree-Fock Calculations of 12C Nucleus at Equilibrium and Under Static Compression

Iyad Alhagaish — 2024-04-15

The ground state features of the semi-doubly magic ¹²C nucleus (i.e. binding energy, nuclear radius, radial density distribution, and single particle energies) are estimated using ab initio calculations at equilibrium and under high static compression. Nijmegen and Reid soft-core (RSC) potentials are used as input nucleon-nucleon interactions. Within the framework of the constrained spherical Hartree-Fock approximations, we do the calculations in no-core shell-model space, which consists of six major oscillator shells (i.e. 21 single particle orbitals). The sensitivity of the ground state features of the ¹²C nucleus to the degree of compression and the sensitivity of the equation of state to the two potentials are investigated. We also discovered that the nuclear binding energy calculated using the Nijmegen potential is higher than that calculated using the RSC potential. When utilizing the Nijmegen potential, the curve reaches zero binding energy faster than when using the RSC potential. Besides, in the case of Nijmegen, the spectrum of single-particle energies increases more quickly than in the case of RSC potential under compression. The space between single-particle energy shells is also visible in the energy spectrum. At high compression, the radial density distribution becomes higher than that in the interior zone when the RSC potential is applied

Visualization of Mercury's Orbital Path Around the Sun Using Matlab for Astronomic Distance Learning

Himawan Putranta — 2024-04-15

Physical phenomena occurring at both macro and micro scales are often beyond direct observation by the human senses. This study aims to present an alternative astronomical learning activity about the orbital trajectory of the planet Mercury around the Sun using MATLAB assistance. Visualization of the orbital trajectory of Mercury begins by describing the appropriate mathematical equations. Subsequently, these equations are translated into graphical representations using MATLAB for visualization. In this study, students can visualize the orbital trajectory of Mercury around the Sun using MATLAB by varying the components of the coordinate equation. Through this visualization, it is hoped that it can help students understand the movement of Mercury around the Sun in its orbit independently and creatively. Students can also develop mathematical representation skills and visual representations of the orbital trajectory of Mercury around the Sun.

Temperature Dependent Behavior of Elastic and Ultrasonic Proprieties of Transition Metal Carbide Mo2C Superconductor

Sachin Rai — 2024-04-15

Transition metal carbides exhibit peculiar chemical and physical properties, making them integral to industrial applications that demand performance under high temperatures In the case of the hexagonal transition metal carbide Mo₂C superconductor, higher-order elastic constants were calculated to be temperature-dependent using an interactional potential model. Second-order elastic constants are used to determine other allied ultrasonic variables. Second-order coefficients are used to analyze the temperature variation of ultrasonic velocities along the z-direction of the superconductor. Furthermore, the temperature difference of Debye average velocity and thermal relaxation time are considered along the same direction. The temperature dependence of ultrasonic properties is explored in relation to thermal, elastic, and mechanical properties. Ultrasonic attenuation , resulting from phonon–phonon (p–p) interactions, is calculated at different temperatures .The study establishes that thermal conductivity is a core provider of the observed ultrasonic attenuation, particularly at higher temperatures. The mechanical and thermal properties of the Mo₂C superconductor are superior at lower temperatures.