Jordan Journal of Physics

TomoTherapy Hi-Art Machine Matching: Verification and Quality Assurance

Hazim Jaradat — 2024-12-12

This work aims to check the similarities between two TomoTherapy machines: TomoTherapy I and TomoTherapy II (TomoTherapy Inc. Madison, WI). A strategy to match the two machines is developed to facilitate patient transfer between them. Ensuring smooth patient transfer between the two machines improves clinic workflow and reduces the time needed to complete treatments as scheduled. It also reduces the risk of errors during patient transfer between machines.

Solution of the Woods-Saxon Potential and its Application for Study of Thermodynamic Properties

Derar Altarawneh — 2024-12-12

This work presents an exact analytical solution for the Schrödinger equation with the Woods-Saxon potential. To achieve this, the factorization method is utilized with the Pekeris approximation applied to the centrifugal potential for arbitrary states. The resulting solution provides both the wave functions of the potential expressed in the hypergeometric function and the energy eigenvalues. Additionally, the study calculates the thermodynamic properties of the Woods-Saxon potential in its classical limit, including the vibrational partition function, mean vibrational energy, vibrational specific heat, vibrational mean free energy, and vibrational entropy.

The Many-Worlds Interpretation versus the Copenhagen Interpretation: A Case Discussion with the Hydrogen Atom

Rabah Ladj — 2024-12-12

The main objective of this work is to compare the interpretations of the hydrogen atom spectrum according to two famous schools in quantum mechanics: Copenhagen and many-worlds. The Schrodinger equation is solved using the many-worlds interpretation, and the results are then compared to those obtained using the Copenhagen interpretation. While the energy spectra are similar in both cases, the interpretations of these results differ. In the many-worlds interpretation, the eigenvectors are entangled across multiple worlds, whereas, in the Copenhagen interpretation, they are superimposed. The hydrogen atom, being a system of only one electron and without electron-electron interaction, serves as a clear and accessible example for comparing these interpretations. In this case, the wave function depends on independent coordinates and is written as a tensor product of independent functions, even before solving the Schrödinger equation. In more complex systems where there are electron-electron, electron-nucleus, nucleus-nucleus, and other interactions, the wave function should be written as a tensor product of entangled states after solving the Schrodinger equation. The aim of this study is to demonstrate to physics and chemistry teachers and students that there are different ways to view the quantum world. The many-worlds interpretation is simply another way of interpreting the solutions of the Schrodinger equation, rather than a new mathematical approach. The present work emphasizes the importance of understanding different interpretations of quantum mechanics and their implications for understanding the physical world.

Calculation the Low Orbits and More Stable for a Satellite around Mars

Duaa Abood — 2024-12-12

This research examines various types of orbits around Mars. The effects of Mars's non-spherical shape, atmospheric drag, and solar attraction on these orbits were included in the calculations. The objective was to determine the optimal orbital elements to obtain a stable orbit of a satellite around Mars. The values of angles w and Ω were taken as 40° and 20°, respectively, while the orbit inclination was examined at three experimental values: i = 88°, 89°, and 90°. The perigee height above the Martian surface was assessed at three altitudes (hp = 50, 100, and 150 km) considering all perturbations except atmospheric drag. The orbital eccentricity was tested at values of e = 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1. The findings indicate that the most stable orbit was achieved with a low-altitude perigee (hp = 50 km), low eccentricity (e = 0.05), and an inclination of i = 90^o.

Spatial Variations of Particulate Matter in Mid-West Jordan

Enas Al-Hourani — 2024-12-12

We evaluated aerosol concentrations in the northwestern region of Jordan (Amman, Salt, Madaba, Tafila, and Karak) using a simple mobile aerosol measurement setup during April 2022. The submicron particle number (PN₁) concentration was highest in Amman (4.6×10⁴ m^–3) and lowest in Karak (2.0×10⁴ cm^–3). The main roads connecting these cities exhibited PN₁ between 1.5×10⁴ cm^–3 and 6.6×10³ cm^–3. The mean micron particle number (PM_10-1) concentration varied between 2 cm^–3 and 5 cm^–3 on roads and from 3 cm^–3 to 5 cm^–3 in cities. Micron particulate mass (PM_10-1) concentrations were higher in cities than on main roads, except for Amman-to-Karak road through Madaba, (~128 µg m^–3). Amman had the lowest PM_10-1concentrations (~34 µg m^–3). The average concentrations of PM_2.5 decreased as we moved southward from Amman. The outcomes of this study suggest that traffic emissions are the main sources of aerosols in cities. The southernmost locations (i.e. Karak) were mainly affected by dust aerosols due to local sand re-suspension from desert areas. As a recommendation, long-term aerosol measurements at multiple sites throughout the country, along with more extensive and repeated mobile measurements, are needed.

Investigation of Electrochemically Modulated Fluorescent Cresyl Violet Molecules for Biosensing Application Using an Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance

Aymen Qatamin — 2024-12-12

In this work, the potential-modulated fluorescent of cresyl violet molecules was investigated under an applied electric step potential using the electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) technique. The EC-SPR device employed in the study consisted of two detection units: a reflected optical intensity detection unit and a fluorescence detection unit. Both units were used simultaneously to optimize the fluorescence signal and achieve the highest fluorescence intensity. The results show that the fluorescence intensity of the cresyl violet molecules changes during the step potential. This study demonstrates that cresyl violet molecules are suitable candidates for biosensing applications using the EC-SPR technique based on the detection of fluorescence differences between their reduced and oxidized states. This research opens up a new avenue to using this class of dyes in electrochemically modulated SPR fluorescence-based biosensors.

Investigation Study on the Zn Doping Effect on the Structural and Morphological Characteristics of Fe2O3 Thin Films for Future Gas Sensor Applications

Jamal Rzaij — 2024-12-12

In this work, thin films of undoped hematite (a-Fe₂O₃) and Fe₂O₃ doped with various concentrations of Zn (2, 4, 6, and 8 at.%) were deposited on a glass substrate using the chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The effect of Zn ions on the structural, topographical, morphological, and chemical properties of hematite was investigated. Structural analysis revealed hematite phase crystallization with a hexagonal crystal structure, with crystallite sizes ranging from 36.7 to 50.2 nm. Topographical analysis showed surface features where atoms aggregated to form hill- and plateau-like structures, free of cracks. Grain sizes ranged from 43 to 80 nanometers. As the concentration of Zn dopant increased, there was an observed increase in both surface roughness and root-mean-square values. Morphological analysis indicated a porous microstructure with surface porosity increasing as Zn concentration rose. The average particle size increased from 86 to 114 nm at a Zn concentration of 8 at.%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the hematite doped with Zn²⁺ exhibits promising characteristics for utilization in gas sensor devices.

Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Undoped and Zn-Doped CaSnO3 Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Co-Precipitation Method

V. Balasundaram V. Balasundaram — 2024-12-12

In this work, we studied the optical properties of undoped and Zn-doped CaSnO₃ nanoparticles. XRD patterns revealed the formation of the orthorhombic CaSnO₃ structure, with a pronounced shift for doped samples. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified the presence of Ca-O and Sn-O vibrations. The bandgap of CaSnO3 was found to be 4.5 eV, with variations observed upon doping. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a polygonal morphology with size variations. In Zn doped Zn-doped CaSnO₃, PL spectra showed a peak shift towards the visible region compared to the undoped sample. Among the Zn concentrations, 0.02M Zn-doped CaSnO₃exhibited specific capacitance of 2880 F/g, as measured from the CV curve.

Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nanowire: MD Simulation Studies

S. Barik S. Barik — 2024-12-12

Silicon nanowires are of immense importance to the scientific community because of their unique properties and wide range of applications. In this work, MD simulations using MEAM potentials are employed to investigate the impact of temperature and strain rate on various mechanical properties of an ultra-thin silicon nanowire with a diameter of 3 nm. To characterize the effect of strain rate, the nanowire is subjected to strain rates varying from 0.0005 ps^-1 to 0.05 ps^-1 at 300 K, while the temperature effect is examined by varying it in the range of 10-700 K at a constant strain rate of 0.005 ps^-1. Young’s modulus, yield strength, yield strain, and fracture strain of nanowire are calculated based on the variation of stress with strain. The study shows that both strain rate and temperature significantly influence the elastic and plastic characteristics of the nanowire. The strength of the silicon nanowire increases with higher strain rates and lower temperatures. To validate the chosen potential model, the Young’s modulus of bulk silicon is estimated, showing good agreement with experimental values.

Two–Dimensional Electron-Hole GaAs System in the Static Fluctuation Approximation

Mohamed K. Al-Sugheir Mohamed K. Al-Sugheir — 2024-12-12

The energy spectrum, particle distribution, internal energy, and specific heat capacity of a two-dimensional electron-hole GaAs system were investigated within the framework of the static fluctuation approximation. The study explored the influence of temperature, dielectric thickness, and dielectric constant on these properties. It was found that the interaction potential had a more pronounced effect on the energy spectrum and distribution of holes than on those of electrons. The results also revealed that the interaction potential effect on internal energy and specific heat capacity of the system occurs at temperatures less than the Fermi temperature. Additionally, the study found that at low temperatures, the system exists in a bound state, whereas at high temperatures, it transitions to a scattering state.

Simulated Transimpedance Amplifier Performance Analysis through Channel Length Modification for Fiber Optics Applications

Asmaa Z. Al-Kawaz Asmaa Z. Al-Kawaz — 2024-12-12

A proposed transimpedance amplifier was simulated using channel length modification. The amplifier consists of a feedforward input stage followed by a common gate-common source (CG-CS) configuration. A series of channel lengths (45, 90, and 130 nm) in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology was implemented for comparative performance analysis within the same proposed topology. There are two key advantages of this study. First, the trade-off between gain and bandwidth, as well as the input-referred noise current, remains applicable when the channel length is increased from 45, 90, and 130 nm. Second, power consumption decreases as the channel length increases for the same topology. The total power consumption series (0.621, 0.29, and 0.175 mW) corresponds to the above channel length series. Corresponding bandwidths of (1.69, 1.35, and 1.10 GHz) were reported, with respective transimpedance amplifier (TIA) gains of (44.78, 46.39, and 47.94 dBΩ). The input-referred noise current was reduced to (15.24, 10.77, and 9.40 ) for the channel lengths of 45, 90, and 130 nm, respectively, aligning with the trends observed in bandwidth and TIA gain.

Level and Potential Radon (222Rn) Radiation Risk in Groundwater Samples at Jimba-Oja, Northcentral Nigeria

Toafeeq O. LAWAL Toafeeq O. LAWAL — 2024-12-12

Radon (²²²Rn) concentration in groundwater was investigated using the Rad7 detector. This investigation was necessary due to the impact of a new mining company in Jimba-Oja, which may affect the surface water supply, potentially percolating into subsurface water sources. Nine (9) samples were collected from hand-pump wells and analyzed in the laboratory. The estimated radon concentration ranged from 3.08 Bq. L^-1 to 9.18 Bq. L^-1 with an average value of 5.00 BqL^-1. The average AED for groundwater ingestion by adults, children, and infants was calculated at 36.50, 54.75, and 63.88 , respectively. The average AED_total values were 162.50 for adults, 180.75 for children, and 189.88 for infants. The results indicate that the AED for infants exceeds the permissible limit of 100 , while the values for children and adults remain within the recommended limit of 200 Thus, the health risk from radiological exposure is within allowable limits for children and adults but poses a potential risk for infants. Although ²²²Rn concentrations in groundwater samples are low, are currently low, there may still be probabilistic effects on local inhabitants over time. To monitor ²²²Rn levels, we recommend repeating these measurements in the same wells and season within the next two years to ensure consistency and detect any changes in radon levels.

On the Optimization of the Transmission Performance of a Broadband A-Sandwich Radome Wall Structure

Manal M. Al-Ali Manal M. Al-Ali — 2024-12-12

In this work, the microwave propagation characteristics of a planar A-sandwich broadband radome wall structure (Glass epoxy/PU foam/Glass epoxy) were investigated using the characteristic matrix formalism. Theoretical results were compared with those from COMSOL Multiphysics software under varying parameters. At optimal thickness values of the skin (d₁) of the Glass epoxy and the core (d₂) of the PU foam layers, zero reflectance and minimal absorbance (< 2%) were observed at normal incidence, leading to a highly transparent sandwich structure with > 98% transmittance at 3 GHz. Optimization of the core thickness revealed significant improvement in transmittance versus frequency and angle of incidence. The A-sandwich with a skin layer thickness of 0.60 mm and a core layer thickness of 5 mm exhibited high transmittance for a broad frequency band, extending to the X-band at normal incidence. Also, the A-sandwich exhibited high transparency at all angles of incidence for electromagnetic waves with frequencies at the center of the S-band and the X-band. These results demonstrate the feasibility of optimizing planar A-sandwich as a broadband, high-performance radome wall structure for a wide range of frequencies and angles of incidence.