Jordan Journal of Physics

Exploring Strongly Correlated Rare-Earth Intermetallics: Theoretical Insights into RIn3 and RSn3 (R = Sm, Eu, Gd)

2026-01-22T11:25:46+03:00

Abstract: The structural, electronic, magnetic, and elastic properties of Rin₃ and RSn₃ (R = Sm, Eu, Gd) were thoroughly investigated using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital (FP-LAPW+lo) method within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Structural properties were evaluated using the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and their band-correlated extensions, LDA+U and GGA+U. The computed lattice parameters exhibited excellent agreement with experimental results, and the divalent state of Eu was confirmed. To accurately predict the electronic properties, spin-orbit coupling (SOC) was incorporated, along with the splitting of the 4f states in rare-earth elements. Elastic properties, including bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, anisotropic ratio, Kleinman parameters, Poisson’s ratio, Lamé coefficients, sound velocities for shear and longitudinal waves, and Debye temperature, were calculated. Additionally, the Cauchy pressure and the B/G ratio were analyzed to determine the ductile or brittle nature of these compounds.

Spectroscopic Diagnostic and Preparation of CuSi Plasma Produced Via Plasma Jet

2025-01-29T08:59:55+03:00

Abstract: Copper silica (CuSi) plasma was generated under atmospheric pressure using argon gas by immersing a piece of (Si) metal in the prepared nano-Cu liquid for periods of 6 and 8 min. Then, a spectroscopic diagnosis of the generated plasma was performed at a constant applied voltage of 11 kV and a frequency of 50 kHz under direct-current conditions, with the argon flow rate varied between 0.5 and 2 L/min. Changing the duration of immersion within the nano-Cu liquid and the flow rate of argon affected the intensity of the resulting spectral peaks. The generated plasma had the following parameters: T_e values of 3.732 – 4.981 eV and 1.220 – 1.396 eV, and n_e values of 2.700 × 10¹⁸ – 3.588 × 10¹⁸ cm³ and 1.290 × 10¹⁸ – 2.074 × 10¹⁸ cm³ for the two times used. When CuSi nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized under the same laboratory conditions, with the argon flow rate fixed at 2 L/min, the energy gap was 3.74 eV, prepared by Si for 6 min in Cu-liquid for 6 min, and 3.62 eV, prepared of Si for 6 min in Cu-liquid for 8 min. The results showed that the Cu-liquid increased the electrical conductivity in the CuSi cold jet plasma system, which affected the values of the plasma parameters and the synthesis of CuSi NPs as a result of increased energy gain, which accelerated and increased the electron process and ultimately increased the ionisation process.

metamaterial Resonance Frequency Correlation with Negative Refractive Index and Impedance in SRR Structures

2025-01-06T12:00:19+03:00

Abstract: This paper underlines the need to improve SRR cell design parameters to achieve both a negative refractive index and optimal impedance matching for advanced metamaterial applications. Metamaterials have unique light manipulation characteristics because of their negative refractive index and excellent impedance matching. This paper looks at numerous split-ring resonator (SRR) cell designs to find the best combinations. Square SRR cells consistently achieved a negative refractive index and excellent impedance matching throughout simulations, outperforming alternative forms such as circular SRRs. Increasing strip width often improves the negative refractive index, although it may create dispersion. Optimal separation distance resulted in a negative refractive index and perfect impedance for particular SRR forms (SSRR, HSRR, and OSRR); however, CSRR designs degraded with greater separations. All SRR forms produced satisfactory results, however CSRR designs had a somewhat poorer performance. Notably, a greater outer side (a = 22mm) SSSR cells resulted in a much higher negative refractive index throughout varying strip widths and separation distances.

Magnetothermal Properties of Exciton In TMD_ WS2 Monolayer

2025-02-06T10:00:40+03:00

Abstract: The Hamiltonian of an exciton in a thin layer of WS₂-transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) was solved by the 1/N expansion method, and the corresponding exciton bound-state energies were obtained. The Hamiltonian describes an electron-hole particle system interacting through an attractive Rytova-Keldysh potential ( ) in a sheet of WS₂, which is presented in an external uniform magnetic field applied perpendicular to the material sheet plane. We used the computed eigenenergies to calculate the partition function, which depends on the temperature and magnetic field. We calculated the magnetic and thermal quantities of WS₂ TMD material sheet for various values of magnetic field strength and temperature range. The comparisons show that the calculated exciton energy spectra against experimental and theoretical corresponding results are in very good agreement. We have displayed the dependence of magnetization, susceptibility, entropy, and heat capacity as a function of magnetic field and temperature. The paramagnetic behavior of materials over a wide range of magnetic fields was considered. In addition, the density of states (DOS) of TMD-WS₂ material was calculated, and the resulting DOS plot shows an oscillator peak behavior for various ranges of the magnetic field strengths.

A Semi-Empirical D-L Correlation for Profiling and Parameterizing Alpha Particle Tracks in Nuclear Detector CR-39 at Various Etching Temperatures

2025-02-16T12:19:20+03:00

Abstract: Imaging track profiles and directly measuring their lengths is more challenging than imaging and measuring their diameters. This paper focuses on determining alpha-particle track profiles and lengths in the CR39 nuclear detector by utilizing the track’s diameter-length (D-L) correlation to obtain actual track lengths from direct measurements of track diameters. Alpha particles with energies ranging from 3.5 to 5.3 MeV were used to irradiate the detector, which was then etched with a 6.25N NaOH solution at varying temperatures. The track parameters, such as the experimental bulk etch rate (VB), alpha energies, etching temperatures, and etching times, were input into the Track-Test program to calculate theoretical track lengths and create D-L calibration curves based on the Green et al. equation. The measured track diameters were projected onto curves to extract semi-empirical track lengths (L), track depth (x), etch rate (VT), etch rate ratio (V), and residual range (R'). MATLAB was used to plot the relationship between V and R', enabling the determination of optimal V(R') curves and new coefficients for the Green et al. equation. Using these newly derived coefficients, the Track-Test program applied the Green et al. equation to determine the profiles and evolution stages of the tracks. The D–L correlation method yielded track lengths and associated parameters that were consistent with direct microscopic measurements. This approach offers a viable, efficient, and straightforward alternative to direct imaging of longitudinal track profiles, which often demands considerable time, effort, and specialized techniques. Overall, the D–L correlation method provides reliable results comparable to those obtained from direct track-length measurements and thus represents a valuable tool for determining actual track lengths in nuclear detector applications.

The Photothermal Conversion Characteristics of a Selective Coating Decorated with ZrO2 and Fe Powders

2025-02-16T10:39:54+03:00

Abstract: The photothermal conversion characteristics of black, composite, and selective coatings were investigated. ZrO₂ and Fe particles were incorporated into the heat-resistant black paint (HRP) to improve the conversion capability of the coating. The coatings and the particles were applied onto aluminium substrates using the direct spraying method. This resulted in layers having thicknesses of 323.5 μm and 837 μm for the ZrO₂- and Fe- containing coatings. The addition of these powders led to a decrease in the coating density from 1.67 g/cm³ to 0.31 g/cm³ and 0.5 g/cm³ for the ZrO₂/HRP and Fe/HRP coatings, respectively. The addition of the particles was found to improve the solar-to-thermal conversion of the primary paint significantly. Maximum absorbance of 97.81% and a substrate temperature of 382.65 K after 40 minutes of radiation exposure were achieved using the Fe/HRP system. The photothermal conversion characteristics were analyzed based on the structural, compositional, and physical properties of the composite coatings. The absorption spectra in the UV-Vis range of the Fe/HRP coating showed higher peaks than those exhibited by the ZrO₂/HRP coating, emphasizing the higher photo-thermal conversion of the Fe/HRP coating. Owing to their ease of application and high conversion performance, the developed coatings are superior to many existing coating systems for flat-plate collectors.

Hadron Therapy with Nanoparticles for Dose Enhancement and Estimation of DNA Damage Using GEANT4

2025-01-13T09:41:28+03:00

Abstract: Proton therapy is one of the most promising treatments for several types of tumors, such as those of the eye, brain, and breast, as it benefits from a sharp Bragg peak as well as a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) in the tumor region. The Bragg peak helps to deliver the maximum dose to the tumor and the minimum dose to the sensitive organs near the tumor. It has been shown that the addition of nanoparticles to the tumor can improve the treatment gain in radiation therapy. In this study, the microscopic dose enhancement ratio as well as the DNA damage frequency caused by 62.8 MeV protons with the presence of 3000 ppm (i.e., 30 mg/g) Au, Pt, C, ¹¹B, and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were investigated using the Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo toolkit. In addition, the cell survival curves were obtained and compared for the condition with and without nanoparticles. All simulations were performed at different locations along the proton range: at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the SOBP. The highest dose enhancement in the fibroblast cell was observed for Pt nanoparticles (up to 4%), followed by Au nanoparticles (up to 2.4%), while the lowest dose enhancement was observed for C nanoparticles (up to 0.32%). At the end of the proton range, higher levels of DNA damage were observed than at the beginning of the path and at the center of the SOBP. Unlike some previous studies, this work simulated more realistic clinical conditions, and the obtained results are in good agreement with some experimental results reported in the literature. In conclusion, the combination of Au and Pt nanoparticles with proton therapy has a superiority over C, ¹¹B, and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles.

A,The Gas Sensing Performance of ZnO/Si Nanostructured Thin Films Synthesis by Spin-Coating

2025-04-08T14:49:33+03:00

Abstract: In this work, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, and a zinc acetate-containing precursor solution were used to create zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructured films on silicon substrates using the spin-coating technique. The study also investigated how several layers affect structural, optical, and sensing properties. X-ray revealed that ZnO nanoparticles had a hexagonal structure phase and were polycrystalline, with the (002) plane as the preferred orientation parallel to the substrate surface. According to AFM analysis, as the number of layers increased, the grain size decreased, and the surface roughness increased. The energy gap increased from 3.31 to 3.39 eV as the number of layers increased, according to UV-visible analysis. Sensitivity of the films to ammonia gas in a 50 ppm concentration range was assessed at working temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150 °C. Nanostructured ZnO thin films must be produced for efficient and reasonably priced gas sensing applications. A synergistic effect was observed in this study: reducing grain size, increasing operating temperature, and enhancing surface roughness improved sensitivity, reaching up to 140.7% when seven layers were applied.

Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation Equations for Determination of their Matrix Form

2025-01-30T12:43:58+03:00

Abstract: This article introduces a modified version of the Lorentz transformation equations that transform spacetime coordinates between two inertial frames when the relative motion between them occurs along the X-, Y-, and Z-directions, and represents an extension of the one-dimensional Lorentz transformation equations to three spatial dimensions. Making use of the invariance of the spacetime interval, the paper demonstrates that an event in the spacetime continuum can be represented by six coordinates, of which the first three represent the spatial coordinates, and the remaining three represent the time coordinates. By employing the notion of a position six-vector, the correct matrix form of the Lorentz transformation equations of order 6 × 6 has been thoroughly developed. In addition, the D’Alembert operator, the basic ingredient of the wave equation, is shown to be form-invariant under the modified Lorentz transformation equations. Furthermore, the relativistic velocity addition formulas, as well as the Lorentz transformations of linear momentum and energy, have been theoretically analyzed on the basis of the extended Lorentz transformations. Finally, the particular purpose of this work is to present equal and opposite relativistic spacetime coordinate transformation equations between inertial frames, which properly allow for the formulation of the correct matrix form of the Lorentz transformation equations in terms of the position six-vector.

Soil Radioactivity Levels, Spatial Distribution and Radiation Hazard Assessment in Anambra and Imo States, Southeastern Nigeria

2025-03-25T11:18:46+03:00

Abstract: This study assessed the radioactivity levels in soil samples from Anambra and Imo States, two regions affected by the Nigerian Civil War. Using a thallium-activated sodium iodide detector, a total of 80 stratified, randomly collected soil samples were analyzed. The detected radionuclides included non-serial ⁴⁰K and decay series of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th, as well as trace levels of the anthropogenic ¹³⁷Cs. Their spatial variability and associated health implications were also evaluated. The average activity concentrations in Anambra State were 835.91 ± 7.40 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K, 21.05 ± 3.65 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³⁸U, 12.99 ± 0.85 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³²Th, and 3.88 ± 0.10 Bq kg⁻¹ for ¹³⁷Cs. In Imo State, the respective values were 761.29 ± 6.63, 19.19 ± 2.97, 9.29 ± 1.52, and 5.39 ± 0.25 Bq kg⁻¹. The estimated mean absorbed dose rates were 52.65 nGyh⁻¹ for Anambra and 46.38 nGyh⁻¹ for Imo, corresponding to annual effective dose equivalents of 0.06 mSvy⁻¹ for both states, a value well below the global safety thresholds. Spatial analysis revealed that ⁴⁰K levels were influenced by potassium-rich soils and intensive agricultural practices, while geological formations governed the distribution of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th. This study confirms that current soil usage poses no immediate radiological risks. However, proactive monitoring is recommended to mitigate potential long-term radiological impacts.

Proton Transmission through Magnetic Lenses for Characterizing Water and Human Tissues via Proton Radiography

2025-03-24T09:30:48+03:00

Abstract: Proton radiography (PR) is a new imaging method that allows direct measurement of the proton energy dissipation in different tissues. Proton radiography enables fast and effective high-precision lateral alignment of the proton beam and target volume in human irradiation experiments with limited dose exposure. The benefits of PR can be summarized as: 1) high image resolution, 2) the complete field of view can be measured with one short proton spill, 3) short data acquisition time, and 4) simple data processing. Enhancing image contrast can be achieved by substituting cuts on the scattering angle with the use of a magnetic lens (ML) system, resulting in optimal images of objects. The current study is primarily focusing on proton acceleration via target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) using nanowire-coated foils as targets, followed by an investigation of the LET, range, and dose of protons. In this work, simplified physical models of proton transport, including Bethe–Bloch energy loss, energy straggling, and multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS), are used in the 0–300 MeV energy range of interest to analytically quantify the tradeoffs and scaling relationships between dose, spatial resolution, density resolution, and voxel size. We found that dose (D) is directly influenced by the size of voxel α and the necessary density resolution δ, which highlights a very strong dependence on voxel size. Our work shows that the average dose increases with increasing number of protons, while the average dose decreases with increasing proton beam energy, which is in good agreement with the other references. These studies demonstrate that the dose D of water, breast, brain, lung, and eye tissues is directly influenced by the size of voxel α and the necessary density resolution δ, adhering to the relationship , which highlights a very strong dependence on voxel size.

Electrospinning of PVA-PEG Blend with Various Cu2O Nanoparticle Additives: Structural and Dispersion Properties

2025-06-30T11:49:26+03:00

Abstract: This project entailed the synthesis of novel nanofibers by the electrospinning technique. The nanofibers included Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) doped with different concentrations (0.002, 0.004, 0.006) of copper oxide (Cu₂O) at room temperature. Images from the optical microscope (OM) revealed a fine and homogenous dispersion of the nanomaterials. This was corroborated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, which showed that the delicate fibers in both the polymer blend and doped samples were randomly distributed and no signs of nanoparticle aggregation were detected. Prior to the incorporation of the Cu₂O additive, the nanofibers demonstrated an average diameter of 68.97 nm, while the inclusion of Cu₂O at varying concentrations yielded average diameters of 64.14 nm for 0.002 g, 71.35 nm for 0.004 g, and 68.46 nm for 0.006 g. Notably, these nanofibers maintained a smooth surface morphology across all samples. The transmittance progressively decreases, starting at a value of 0.996 for the unmodified PVA-PEG blend and reducing to 0.978 as the Cu₂O concentration reaches 0.006. Concurrently, the extinction coefficient demonstrates increase, rising from 0.001027 to 0.00475 with higher Cu₂O content. Similarly, the real part of the dielectric constant increases from 1.4559 to 2.1044, while its imaginary part expands from 0.00247 to 0.0137. The Wemple-DiDomenico model was utilized to compute the dispersion coefficients, comprising E_o, E_d, n_o, M_-1, and M_-3.